what is blood transfusion

What is blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is an important process, which is based on the transplantation of human living tissue. In particular, it will be about blood transfusion. This method is very widespread in medical practice. To date, this method is used for various purposes - treatment of serious diseases, as well as preventive measures.

From the medical field itself, it can defeat transfusion in surgery, gynecology, trauma, oncology, and others. From this list, oncology has the most serious infections, because in this case, we need not only an ambulance for the patient but also the right treatment.

In this case, the signs of blood transfusion are more than understandable - compensation for healthy cells lost due to disease. An oncological patient needs healthy cells and stimulates the function of hematopoietic components. Therefore, in this case, transfusion is the most important. It is also often the case that transfusions are prescribed for severe blood loss, for example, is a woman after a major operation or after delivery.

what is blood transfusion

There are cases when such a process is not very successful. For example, there are postoperative complications, often due to improper blood selection. To choose a suitable donor, you need to know the blood group and Rh factor. Also, in this case, it is quite important to remember some indications and contraindications for transfusion.

In medical practice, technical transfusion errors can also occur, as it is not always possible to obtain and successfully transpose from an experienced physician. Therefore, it turns out that blood transfusion is a complex and responsible process that requires professionalism and definite knowledge.

Full indication for transfusion

Transfusion is done in exceptional situations when simple therapy is not appropriate. It also applies to supportive reactions, for example, after severe blood loss, aftershock, with severe anemia, or after a heavy operation.

If too much blood has been lost, transfusion should be done immediately, to prevent anaphylactic shock in the patient. The most serious case is that if no more than 30% remains during blood loss, immediate help is needed. The transfusion of blood and its individual components is also prescribed for:

Anemia of various origins and at different stages;
Complicated blood disease;
Purulent-inflammatory diseases that arose for various reasons;
Severe intoxication

In such cases, the main purpose of the transfusion is to compensate for the missing volume of blood or its individual components directly. Also, an immediate addition of the components that are responsible for blood coagulation can be an important task for doctors. This type of interference in the body is very serious, but in some situations, no one can do without it and have to save a person.

The main thing is to choose the right blood type and Rh factor so that the patient does not cause allergies during the infection. If further treatment and recovery is completely possible without transfusion, it is better to refuse it and choose more traditional methods of recovery. This is because there are some contraindications for blood transfusion. More often it concerns mainly donors and the patient themselves.

Contraindications for infusion

The differences relate to the presence of some diseases of a periodic and chronic scheme. Transfusion is particularly dangerous when there are problems with the circulatory system. Thus, it is possible to highlight some situations in which transfusion is strictly prohibited. this is:

Septic endocarditis;

Disruption of cardiac activity in the myocardium, cardiovascular disease or myocardiosclerosis;

Third-degree hypertension;

Cerebrovascular accident;

Thromboembolic disease;

Various allergies;

Severe liver failure;

General amyloidosis;

Bronchial asthma;

Acute glomerulonephritis.

In addition to the fact that there are definite differences, there are many recipients who may not have an allergic and transphysiological history in their bodies. The group of such people includes those who:

He underwent a blood transfusion more than three weeks ago, and there was a consistency of some reactions;

All women who have not had a successful birth or miscarriage;

Patients who already have cancerous tumors in the decay stage, as well as various blood diseases or prolonged suppressive processes.

In such cases, it is necessary to warn the doctor about the presence of some diseases. If the patient cannot do this on his own, the doctor, based on the knowledge of the indications and contraindications for transfusion, do a proper test on his own and determine whether the patient can be transfused.

what is blood transfusion

Preparing the patient for blood transfusion

The patient must determine the blood group and Rh factor to choose the right donor. Besides, without fail, you need to conduct all studies of the cardiovascular system, urinary tract, respiratory system, so that any differences can be determined immediately.

Before transfusion, an initial blood test should be performed over 2 days to identify allergic reactions. Before the transfusion process, the patient should empty the bladder and intestines completely. Enema may be required to empty. This is best done on an empty stomach or immediately after a light breakfast.

An equally important commitment is the right choice of transfusion, as there are many ways. For example, it can be a transfusion in case of anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and direct blood coagulation. If certain diseases are detected, a component blood transfusion may be prescribed, namely attention directly to white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells, or direct blood plasma. All other components are sent back to the laboratory for storage, as the patient may require other parts for transfusion.

In medical practice, it has already been established that concentrated components benefit the patient more than normal blood transfusion. Normal transfusion will be equally important for chronic diseases with a complement to normal blood conditions or severe blood loss. For example, with the introduction of several milliliters of component blood, the essential functional part of the circulatory system can be supplemented. In another case, at least one liter of all blood will be needed to help the patient.

The transfusion of blood and its components is a serious process called blood transfusion. Not so long ago, it was done only as a last resort, and it was at risk with human life. However, the drug studied this process well. Therefore, all risks to life are now minimized. Blood transfusion allows you to get rid of serious diseases. Apart from this, it is also done for preventive purposes. The transfusion of blood and its components is used in surgery, gynecology, oncology. For the process to be successful, it must be done by a professional, knowing the signs for transfusion and the absence of differences. Only in this way will the procedure give positive results without possible complications.

There are two types of signs of transfusion of blood and its components: absolute and relative. We will consider each of them separately.

Complete indications for transfusion of blood and its components are conditions when the process is the only way to treat pathology. These include the following conditions:

Relative indications for transfusion of blood and its components are situations where you can do without this procedure, as it is a supportive treatment method. These include:

The therapy recommends infection of blood and its components and violation of their activities to restore the functioning of body parts. Only a doctor can write a procedure \ u200b \ u200b and conduct it.

Blood transfusion contraindications

Infusion of blood and its components creates an additional burden on the cardiovascular system. Also, such a process can cause outbreaks of chronic diseases. To prevent this condition, you have to know the contraindications for blood transfusion. They, like signs, are of two types - absolute and relative.

With complete contraindications, blood transfusion is strictly prohibited. These include the following pathologies:

Acute pulmonary heart disease, in which pulmonary edema is seen;

Infarction.

With relative differences, transfusion of blood and its components is allowed if there is too much blood loss or the patient is in a state of traumatic shock. However, if such conditions are not observed, the process cannot be completed.

Relative differences include the following pathologies:

Severe cerebrovascular accident;

Some cardiac deformities;

Tuberculosis;

Some pathology of the liver and kidneys;

Arthritis;

Septic endocarditis;

Fresh Thrombosis and Avatars

Preparing the patient for the procedure

A blood transfusion procedure requires preparation. First, you need to know the RH factor of the patient. Also, you should find out his blood type. It is necessary to find the right donor. At the same stage, a study of the whole organism is done to detect the pathology and differences.

When living two days before the procedure, the patient is taken blood again to find out if he has an allergy.

Before starting the procedure, the patient's bladder and bowels are empty. To do this, he is given an enema. Before transfusion, food intake should be excluded.

At this stage, the composition of the infusion is selected. It can be the blood itself, and its components - leukocytes or platelets. It all depends on what the process is. Prescribed composition can only be a doctor. So, with anemia, leukopenia, and blood coagulation violations, it is the blood components that have proven their effectiveness. Even small amounts of such composition will help solve the current problem.

Infusion of blood and its components helps relieve severe pathology, and sometimes it can save a person's life. However, to exclude all dangerous consequences, the procedure should be performed by a professional only after a thorough examination of the patient.

In medicine, especially in emergency situations, there are many situations when blood transfusion is necessary, with signs and differences determined in each case. With massive blood loss, blood transfusion is often the only thing that can save a patient's life.

Blood donors are well tested for various blood contact infections. It should be clarified that currently, the use of whole blood for transfusion is extremely rare, its components are commonly used (red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells, and others).

Complete indications are situations when blood transfusion is important. There are only three of them - this is trauma, bleeding, massive tissue damage or a simultaneous loss of more than 15% of the circulating volume occurring during surgery. Furthermore, the need for trauma is accompanied by traumatic trauma.

More than 15% blood loss is considered life-threatening

Blood loss of more than 15% of BCC leads to severe hemodynamic disorders, decreased blood supply to tissues, including brain, and heart rhythm disturbances.

If blood volume is not restored shortly, the consequences of oxygen starvation of tissues may be irreparable. This is why acute blood loss is considered a complete indication for blood transfusion.

If blood loss occurs on the surgical table, the physician can immediately restore normal blood volume and avoid dangerous consequences.

In such a situation, the autohemotransfusion method is often used - collecting the lost patient's own blood during the operation, preparing it and transferring it to the operating room. The advantage of this method is the minimal possibility of adverse reactions during blood transfusion.

Chronic blood loss is not considered a complete sign, although the amount of lost blood may be greater than acute blood loss. But in this case, the loss of blood is gradual, and the body adapts to the changed conditions, so the immediate need for blood transfusion is rare.

Relative indication

Relative signs are signs that do not exclude replacement of blood transfusion with another therapeutic procedure

  Anemia of various origins. It is better to transfer the red blood cell mass or suspension. Hemoglobin below 80 g / L is considered a criterion for the need for blood transfusion; This group includes conditions that can be treated without resorting to blood transfusion, but in this case, blood transfusion will greatly facilitate the patient's condition and speed up recovery. In some cases, periodic transfusion of blood or its components is necessary.

Continuous bleeding, blood clotting disorder - platelet suspension or plasma;

Prolonged inflammatory processes, including severe intoxication, immune disorders, chronic inflammation with reduced regeneration - leukocyte mass or plasma;

Toxicity with certain substances - plasma or blood, blood substitutes.

It should be clarified that in the case of relative signals, different factors may play a role that determines the need for transfusion in each specific situation. Effectiveness of therapy with other agents, the presence of contraindications, patient status is important. Before determining blood transfusion in this case, a blood transfusion specialist should consider all important factors.

Contraindications for blood transfusion

There are many contraindications for blood transfusion

There are situations where blood transfusion cannot save a life, but despite strict adherence to all blood transfusion rules, it can put it at risk. Like testimony, they are divided into absolute and relative.

Complete contraindications - cardiac or pulmonary failure (or a combination thereof), and pulmonary edema. In these cases, blood transfusion leads to a sharp increase in weight on the heart and lungs, which only aggravates the condition.

Therefore, in the presence of relative indications and absolute contraindications, transfusion is not performed. If there are complete signs and contraindications at the same time (eg, heart failure and trauma), then a blood transfusion is mandatory.

The list of relative differences is long. These include significant hemodynamic disturbances, severe cerebrovascular accident, fresh thrombotic status, impaired liver and kidney function, allergic diseases and arthritis, diseases caused by acute proliferative tuberculosis.

The decision on the need for blood transfusion in the presence of relative indications and contraindications is a difficult question, based on the patient's condition.

Broadly speaking, a transfusiologist must decide which disease is more dangerous for the patient - one that creates evidence or one that causes contraindications for blood transfusion. In the case of absolute indication for transfusion, relative differences are not significant.

It should also be noted that relative indications for transfusion of blood components are not always a contraindication for transfusion of blood products and blood substitutes.

Dangerous Recipient Group

Consequences of previous blood transfusion should be considered.

There are some groups of recipients whose blood transfusion is associated with an increased risk of an immune response to blood donation. To reduce this risk, you must collect anamnesis beforehand. The risk group includes patients who:

Transfusions were transfusion media, with complications as well as operations and injuries in which they could prescribe a transfusion;

Allergies and autoimmune diseases (including next of kin);

In women - pregnancy complications, stillbirth, birth of children with severe deformity, presence of rhesus conflict.

Hemotransfusion is associated with the introduction of a significant amount of protein breakdown products in the body, which leads to detoxification and increased functional load on excretory organs. The introduction of an excess amount of fluid into the vascular bed increases the load on the cardiovascular system. Blood transfusion leads to the activation of all types of metabolism in the body, which can lead to expansion and exacerbation of pathological processes (chronic inflammatory diseases, tumors, etc.).

Differences relative to absolute and blood transfusion are distinguished.

Absolute contraindication haemotransfusion - acute cardiopulmonary failure, with pulmonary edema.

However, with massive blood loss and traumatic trauma of IIIII degree, there are no absolute contraindications for transfusion, and blood should always be transfusion.

Relative differences: fresh thrombosis and embolism, severe cerebrovascular accident, coronary heart disease, septic endocarditis, heart defects, myocarditis with circulatory insufficiency, III degree, stage III hypertensive disease, severe functional disorders of liver and kidney, severe allergic reactions Disease (bronchial asthma, polyvalent allergy). Acute and diffuse tuberculosis, arthritis, especially with rheumatic purpura. With these diseases, blood transfusion should be supported with extreme caution.

Blood transfusion methods

By the method of administering blood, blood transfusion is divided into intravenous and intra-arterial (endocrine is not currently used). In most cases, blood is injected intravenously into the patient's body. They resort to intra-arterial blood pressure only with acute weakness of cardiac activity and massive blood loss with extremely low blood pressure.

By the type of blood used, transfusion methods can be divided into two fundamentally different groups:

Own blood transfusion (autohemotransfusion);

blood transfusion.

Blood transfusion is the introduction of whole blood or its components (plasma, red blood cells) into the body. It is used for many diseases. In areas such as oncology, general surgery, and neonatal pathology, it is difficult to do without this procedure. Find out when and how blood is transfused.

Blood transfusion rules

Many people do not know what a blood transfusion is and how this process occurs. The treatment of a person with this method begins its history in antiquity. Medics of the Middle Ages widely practiced such medicine, but not always successfully. The modern history of blood transfusions began with the rapid development of medicine in the 20th century. This was facilitated by the identification of the Rh factor in humans.

Scientists have developed methods for the preservation of plasma, making blood substitutes. Blood components widely used for transfusion have been recognized in many branches of medicine. One of the areas of transfusiology is plasma transfusion, its principle is based on the introduction of fresh frozen plasma into the patient's body. The blood transfusion treatment method requires a responsible approach. To avoid dangerous consequences, blood transfusion rules are:

1. Blood transfusion should occur in the blood transfusion environment.

2. Before the procedure, the doctor should personally conduct such a study, regardless of the data already known:

definition of group affiliation by the aB0 system;

Determination of rhesus factor;

Check if the donor and recipient are compatible.

3. The use of materials that have not been tested for AIDS, syphilis and serum hepatitis is prohibited.

4. The mass of material taken at one time should not exceed 500 ml. The doctor should weigh it. It can be stored at a temperature of 4-9 degrees for 21 days.

5. For newborns, the procedure takes into account individual doses.

Blood transfusion compatibility

The basic rules of transfusion provide for strict transfusion of blood into groups. There are special plans and tables for combining donors and recipients. According to the Rh (Rh factor) system, blood is divided into positive and negative. A person who has Rh + can be given Rh-, but not vice versa, otherwise, it will lead to adhesion of red blood cells. The presence of the AB0 system is clearly demonstrated by the table:

Based on this, it is possible to determine the main pattern of blood transfusion. A person with an O (I) group is a universal donor. The presence of an AB (IV) group indicates that the owner is a universal recipient, he can be infected with the contents of any group. Holders of A (II) can be moved with O (I) and A (II), and those with B (III) - O (I) and B (III).

Blood transfusion technique

A common method for treating various diseases is indirect infection of fresh frozen blood, plasma, platelets, and erythrocyte mass. It is very important to do the procedure strictly according to the approved instructions. Such infusions are made using special systems with a filter, they are disposable. The responsibility for the patient's health rests with the attending physician, not with the nursing staff. Blood transfusion algorithm:

Preparing a patient for blood transfusion involves taking a medical history. The doctor detects the presence of chronic diseases and pregnancies (in women) from the patient. He performs the necessary analysis, determines the AB0 group and the RH factor.

The doctor selects the donor material. The macroscopic method evaluates its suitability. Recheck on systems AB0 and Rh.

Preparation measures. A series of tests on donor content and patient compatibility are performed by an adjuvant and biological method.

Organization of transfusion. Bags with the contents should be left at room temperature for 30 minutes before transfusion. The process is carried out with a disposable aseptic dropper at a speed of 35–65 drops per minute. During the transfusion, the patient should be in complete peace.

The doctor fills in the blood transfusion protocol and instructs the nursing staff.

The recipient is monitored throughout the day, especially the first 3 hours.

Blood circulation from vein to buttock

Autohemotransfusion therapy is abbreviated as autohemotherapy, a blood transfusion from a vein to the buttock. It is a medical treatment process. The main condition is an injection of your own venous material, which is performed in the gluteal muscle. The buttock should be heated after each injection. The course is of 10–12 days, during which the amount of blood content of the injection increases from 2 ml per injection to 10 ml. Autohemotherapy is a good method of improving your own body immunity and metabolism.

Direct blood transfusion

Modern medicine uses direct blood transfusion (from donor to recipient to vein immediately) in rare emergency cases. The advantages of this method are that the source material retains all of its inherent properties, and the disadvantage is complex hardware. Transfusion with this method can lead to the development of avatars of nerves and arteries. Indications for blood transfusion: coagulation system disorder with another type of medical failure.

Indications for blood transfusion

Main indications for blood transfusion:

Major emergency blood loss;

Purulent skin disease (acne, boils);

DIC;

Indirect anticoagulant excess;

Severe intoxication;

Liver and kidney disease;

Hemolytic disease of the newborn;

Severe anemia;

Surgical operation.